Galactose metabolism

Galactose metabolism

Congenital error in metabolism of D-Galactose characterized by inability of an organism to normally metabolize galactose and lactose is called as a galactose diabetes or Galactosamia.

D-Galactose is a constituent of oligosaccharides and is produced by hydrolysis of Melibiose[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], Raffinose [4], [6], [7], Stachyose [4], [6], [7], Allolactose [1], [2], [4], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], Glycerol 1-alpha-D-galactoside [4], [6], [7], Melibitol [4], [5], [6], [7], Galactinol [4], [5], [6], [7] by Galactosidase, alpha (AGAL), or by hydrolysis of Lactose by Lactase (LPH) [11], [12], [13], [14]. [15].

Alpha-(D)-Galactose 1-phosphate if formed by transfer of the phosphate moiety from ATP to D-Galactose catalyzed by Galactokinase 2 (GALK2) [16], [17], [18], [19] and Galactokinase 1 (GALK1) [17], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23].

Subsequent transformation of the alpha-(D)-Galactose 1-phosphate to alpha-D-Glucose 1-phosphate and UDP-D-galactose is catalyzed by Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29]. Both products participate in the further transformations. Phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGMU) then catalyzes formation of the alpha-(D)-Glucose-6-phosphate from alpha-D-Glucose 1-phosphate [30], [31], [32], [33], [34]. UDP-D-galactose is transformed further in the two subsequent reactions. In the first reaction the formation of Lactose by group of enzymes occurred: UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1 (Lactose synthase) [35], [36], [37], [38], [39] and by UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 2 (B4GT2) [35], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44]. In the second reaction UDP-D-galactose is transformed to UDP-D-glucose by UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE) [29], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49]. UDP-D-glucose participates in formation of Glycogen catalyzed by two enzymes, glycogen synthase 2 (liver) (GYS2) [50], [51], [52], [53] and by glycogen synthase 1 (muscle) (GYS1) [51], [52], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59]. Glycogen is the substrate of one more reaction of formation alpha-D-Glucose 1-phosphate catalyzed by Glycogen phosphorylase [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67].

Apha-D-Glucose 6-phosphate also participates in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Hydrolysis of Apha-D-Glucose 6-phosphate to D-Glucose is catalyzed by Glucose-6-phosphatase, catalytic subunit (G6PT) [68], [69], [70], [71]. This reaction can proceed also in the opposite direction under catalysis of other enzymes, Hexokinase 1 (HXK1) [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], Hexokinase-2 (HXK2) [76], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], Hexokinase 3 (white cell) (HXK3) [76], [85], [86] and Glucokinase (hexokinase 4) (HXK4) [76], [87], [88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [93], [94], [95], [96], [97].

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