Please select your country below to view the products, information, and services available in your location, including news, promotions, events, and more.
A choice of exponential or square waveforms. Both exponential-decay and square-wave pulses have been used very effectively for both electroporation and electrofusion. The shape of the electroporation wave can have a significant effect on the transformation efficiency for different cell types. The Gene Pulser MXcell system generates both exponential and square waveforms, enabling you to choose the waveform and protocol that will work best for your cells.
Exponential-decay pulse. When a capacitor, charged to a voltage V0, is discharged into cells, the voltage applied to the cells decreases over time in an exponential curve such that the voltage V at any given time t is given by V = V0e-(t/RC). In the special case where t = Τ, then V = V0/e. The value CR is known as the time constant of the voltage decay. The shorter the time constant the faster the decay.
Square-wave pulse. Truncating the pulse from a capacitor after discharging it into the sample generates a square-wave pulse. The pulse length is the time the cells are subjected to the discharge. During the pulse, the voltage again decreases by an exponential decay so that at the end of the pulse the voltage is lower than at the beginning. This drop in voltage is called the pulse droop and it is measured as a percentage of the initial voltage.
Use fewer cells and less sample — siRNA or DNA — by defining your parameters. Optimizing your electroporation parameters will ensure that cell viability and transfection efficiency are at their highest levels.
GAPDH mRNA levels in Jurkat cells postelectroporation.
A siLentMer Dicer-substrate siRNA duplex (GAPDH) or a scrambled negative control (NC) was delivered using the Gene Pulser MXcell system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer, or a competitor's electroporator and cell line-specific buffer kit. Gene knockdown was measured by qPCR.
A, GAPDH mRNA levels 4 hr postelectroporation.
B, GAPDH mRNA levels 24 hr postelectroporation.
After 4 hr, >88% knockdown was obtained using the Gene Pulser MXcell system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer, compared to only 31% knockdown using a competitor's system.
Gene silencing in SK-N-SH cells electroporated with either a siLentMer GAPDH siRNA or a siLentMer nonspecific siRNA assessed using real-time RT-qPCR. Cells (3 x 106/ml) were electroporated (20 ms square-wave pulse of 200 V and 2,000 µF) with 50 nM (A) or 100 nM (B) siRNA. Nonspecific siRNA (—); GAPDH siRNA (—). C, over 90% gene silencing was obtained in cells treated with 50 or 100 nM GAPDH siRNA () compared to cells treated with the corresponding concentration of nonspecific siRNA () (negative control). RFU, relative fluorescence units.
Time course of GAPDH gene silencing in Jurkat cells. Values were normalized to scrambled negative control (lime green); silencing of 88% of gene expression was observed in cells transfected with GAPDH siRNA (dark green).
siRNA delivery into neutrophils using a range of electroporation conditions. Neutrophils were electroporated using the indicated conditions in the presence of siRNA conjugated to Alexa Fluor 546, then imaged by fluorescence microscopy. MFI was used as an index of siRNA delivery into the cells. Under conditions below 300 V, transfection efficiency increased when capacitance was increased. RFU, relative fluorescence units.
The Transfection Protocol Online Library contains protocols obtained from the literature, developed by Bio-Rad scientists, or submitted by scientists like you. browse protocols to view our library and find your starting point.
Bio-Rad Laboratories has helped scientists deliver molecules into cells for over 35 years. Instruments, including the Gene Pulser® series of electroporators, the MicroPulser™ electroporator, and the Helios® gene gun and PDS-1000/He™ biolistic systems, have been used successfully to transfect prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including plant and animal cells. These transfection instruments are cited extensively in the literature. Our chemically mediated methods include lipid-based transfection reagents — TransFectin™ lipid reagent for delivery of plasmid DNA and siLentFect™ lipid reagent for siRNA delivery.
I cannot find the Certificate of Analysis I am looking for. Help!
When using our online Certificate of Analysis search tool, keep the following in mind:
Make sure you entered the correct catalog number and lot/control number in the search fields
If you have a kit, try looking up the Certificate of Analysis using the kit information as well as the information for the individual components
The Certificate of Analysis that you are looking for may not be available via the website. In that case, you can contact your Bio-Rad representative or use the Request Form
If you cannot find the Certificate of Analysis you are looking for, please Contact Us.
Where can I find the catalog number, SKU number, or product number?
The catalog number, SKU number, or product number is printed on your product label. See the sample label below for the location of this information.
Where can I find the lot or control number?
The lot number or control number (one or the other, not both) is printed on your product label. See the sample label below for the location of this information.
Why are Certificates of Analysis not on the Documents tab?
Certificates of Analysis are associated not only with a product, but also with a specific lot of that product. For a given product, there may be several Certificates of Analysis, especially if it is an older product line and has had several lots produced over the years. Using the Certificate of Analysis search tool, you can enter the catalog number and lot/control number for the specific product you have on hand and download the exact Certificate of Analysis you need.
I have a batch number, not a lot/control number. How do I find the Certificate of Analysis for my item?
You can use the batch number in place of the lot/control number. Use the Certificate of Analysis search tool, entering the catalog number as usual and the batch number where the lot/control number would go.
Can I get a Certificate of Analysis even if my item is expired?
Yes. While we do periodically remove Certificates of Analysis for site maintenance purposes, we typically keep them available well beyond a product's expiration date.
Why does it say "Product Name Not Found" for a Certificate of Analysis listed in the search results?
There are Certificates of Analysis that correspond to products that are either discontinued or simply not available on the website. In these situations, the Certificate of Analysis is available for download, but other product details, such as the product name, are not.
Why does it say "Not Available" for a Certificate of Analysis listed in the search results?
In this case, you have entered a valid catalog number and lot/control number and we have located the Certificate of Analysis. However, for some reason, the actual file itself is unavailable.
Please use the Request Form here or contact your local Bio-Rad Representative so that we can send you the Certificate of Analysis.
Find a Certificate of Analysis
Please reenter your email address in the correct format.
Please enter your email address.
Your subscription information already exists, we will send you an email with specific instructions to manage your existing subscription profile.
To receive the latest news, promotions, and more, sign up for Bio-Rad updates by entering your email address below. You can elect to receive only the types of Bio-Rad communications that are of interest to you..
Sign Up for Bio-Rad Updates!
Enter your email address below to receive your choice of the latest news, promotions, and more.